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Continuous Synthesis of Tin and Indium Oxide Nanoparticles in Sub‐ and Supercritical Water
Author(s) -
Fang Zhen,
Assaaoudi Hassane,
Guthrie Roderick I. L.,
Kozinski Janusz A.,
Butler Ian S.
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01773.x
Subject(s) - supercritical fluid , materials science , nanoparticle , nanocrystalline material , tetragonal crystal system , indium , calcination , transmission electron microscopy , indium tin oxide , tin , raman spectroscopy , chemical engineering , particle size , tin oxide , scanning electron microscope , differential scanning calorimetry , analytical chemistry (journal) , oxide , crystallography , nanotechnology , crystal structure , chemistry , metallurgy , thin film , organic chemistry , optics , composite material , physics , engineering , thermodynamics , catalysis
Nanocrystalline tin and indium oxides (In 2 O 3 /SnO 2 ) were synthesized in sub‐ and supercritical water at 350°/380°C and 30 MPa in <73 s in a tubular flow reactor from an aqueous solution of {SnCl 4 +InCl 3 } (0.2 M ). The conversion rate for tin was 100%. Nanoparticles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), emitted X‐rays, Raman, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The bulk particles were composed of In, Sn, and O atoms, and made up of cubic In 2 O 3 (10 nm) and tetragonal SnO 2 (5.5 nm) crystals. After calcination at 500°C for 2 h, little change occurred in the particle size and crystal phase. Traces of tin‐doped indium oxide particles were also formed as confirmed by the TEM electron diffraction pattern. Using this one‐step, high‐temperature hydrothermal process, oxide nanoparticles can be continuously and conveniently produced in a well‐controlled process.