Analysis of Ordered Categorical Data: Two Score‐Independent Approaches

Summary A trend test is often employed to analyze ordered categorical data, in which a set of increasing scores is assigned a priori. There is a drawback in this approach, because how to choose a set of scores is not clear. There have been debates on which scores should be used (e.g., Graubard and Korn, 1987, Biometrics   43, 471–476; Ivanova and Berger, 2001, Biometrics   57, 567–570; Senn, 2007, Biometrics   63, 296–298). Conflicting conclusions are often obtained with different sets of scores. Two approaches, which have been applied to genetic case–control studies, are appealing for ordered categorical data, because they take into account the natural order in the data, are score independent, and not contingent on asymptotic theory. These two approaches are applied to a prospective study for detecting association between maternal drinking and congenital malformations.