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From Zero‐Sum to Value‐Added Strategies: The Emergence of Knowledge‐Based Industrial Policy in the States of the United States
Author(s) -
Etzkowitz Henry
Publication year - 1997
Publication title -
policy studies journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.773
H-Index - 69
eISSN - 1541-0072
pISSN - 0190-292X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1997.tb00031.x
Subject(s) - subsidy , industrial policy , natural resource , state (computer science) , business , value (mathematics) , government (linguistics) , science policy , economics , public economics , economic policy , political science , market economy , public administration , international trade , linguistics , philosophy , algorithm , machine learning , computer science , law
State science policy is industrial policy, shaped by local research and industrial strengths or, conversely, lack of same. States with research strengths relevant to local declining industries attempt to link them in an effort to revive the latter; states lacking research strengths attempt to develop them, especially in areas relevant to local natural resources that have the potential to be the basis of new high‐tech industries. Such knowledge‐based industrial policies supplement, even if they do not replace, traditional strategies focused upon: (a) creating economic activity based upon natural resources such as harbors or mineral deposits, (b) improving the business climate by lowering taxes, or (c) attracting industry to relocate by offering subsidies. The role of the federal government in science‐based industrial policy is still controversial even as it is widely accepted in the states as part of traditional responsibilities for their citizen's economic welfare.