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Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity: Usefulness of Qualitative and Semiquantitative Techniques
Author(s) -
Khanna Deepak,
Miller Andrew P.,
Nanda Navin C.,
Ahmed Sujood,
Lloyd Steven G.
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
echocardiography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.404
H-Index - 62
eISSN - 1540-8175
pISSN - 0742-2822
DOI - 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2005.00170.x
Subject(s) - mitral regurgitation , cardiology , medicine , regurgitation (circulation) , functional mitral regurgitation , radiology , heart failure , ejection fraction
In this report, we review the advantages, limitations, and optimal utilization of various transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic (TTE and TEE) methods used for assessing mitral regurgitation (MR) as published in full‐length, peer‐reviewed articles since the color Doppler era began in 1984. In addition, comparison is made to other imaging modalities including catheter‐based, magnetic resonance and surgical assessment of MR. Although left ventricular (LV) angiography has been traditionally used for validation of various TTE methods and is time‐honored, its considerable limitations preclude it from being a real “gold standard.” Based on the reviewed literature, no clear “gold standard” for the assessment of MR can be identified at present, but newly emerging TTE and TEE techniques, such as three‐dimensional color Doppler, may have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of the two‐dimensional methods.