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Integrated Environmental Assessment of Supply‐Side and Demand‐Side Measures for Carbon Dioxide Mitigation in Tokyo, Japan
Author(s) -
Kraines Steven B.,
Ishida Takeshi,
Wallace David R.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
journal of industrial ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.377
H-Index - 102
eISSN - 1530-9290
pISSN - 1088-1980
DOI - 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00237.x
Subject(s) - supply side , demand side , environmental economics , supply chain , electricity , environmental science , business , engineering , economics , marketing , commerce , electrical engineering
Summary Building on previously introduced concepts and software, we constructed an interlinked system of models, called an “integrated model project,” for assessing integrated effects of supply‐side and demand‐side technologies and policies for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) mitigation in urban areas. We used the integrated model project to evaluate scenarios that included introduction of a solid oxide fuel cell combined with a gas turbine topping cycle (SOFC/GT) as a supply‐side technology and reduction of electricity demand by energy conservation and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) cells in residential and commercial buildings as a demand‐side measure in Tokyo, Japan. Modeling results indicate that integrating multiple supply‐side and demand‐side countermeasures can result in more effective mitigation of CO 2 emissions. In particular, although separately a moderate CO 2 tax and the SOFC/GT technology do not produce large CO 2 mitigation, the combination of the two with PV installation could result in a 50% reduction in CO 2 emissions in 2050. Cancellation effects of combinations of supply‐side and demand‐side measures were also seen between supply‐side SOFC/GT systems and demand‐side rooftop PV cells, effects that might not be apparent without the integrated environmental assessment approach that we have adopted. An integrated environmental assessment approach using tools such as those described in this article could help researchers to assess these kinds of dynamic, nonlinear effects, which would not be predicted by conventional linear, “additive” approaches.