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Persistent Dose‐Dependent Changes in Brain Structure in Young Adults with Low‐to‐Moderate Alcohol Exposure In Utero
Author(s) -
Eckstrand Kristen L.,
Ding Zhaohua,
Dodge Neil C.,
Cowan Ronald L.,
Jacobson Joseph L.,
Jacobson Sandra W.,
Avison Malcolm J.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
alcoholism: clinical and experimental research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.267
H-Index - 153
eISSN - 1530-0277
pISSN - 0145-6008
DOI - 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01819.x
Subject(s) - white matter , in utero , pregnancy , brain size , medicine , physiology , voxel based morphometry , young adult , grey matter , alcohol , brain morphometry , magnetic resonance imaging , fetus , biology , radiology , biochemistry , genetics
Background Many children with heavy exposure to alcohol in utero display characteristic alterations in brain size and structure. However, the long‐term effects of low‐to‐moderate alcohol exposure on these outcomes are unknown. Methods Using voxel‐based morphometry and region‐of‐interest analyses, we examined the influence of lower doses of alcohol on gray and white matter composition in a prospectively recruited, homogeneous, well‐characterized cohort of alcohol‐exposed ( n = 11, age 19.5 ± 0.3 years) and control ( n = 9, age 19.6 ± 0.5 years) young adults. A large proportion of the exposed individuals were born to mothers whose alcohol consumption during pregnancy was in the low‐to‐moderate range. Results There were no differences in total brain volume or total gray or white matter volume between the exposed and control groups. However, gray matter volume was reduced in alcohol‐exposed individuals in several areas previously reported to be affected by high levels of exposure, including the left cingulate gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyri, right middle temporal gyrus, and right caudate nucleus. Notably, this gray matter loss was dose dependent, with higher exposure producing more substantial losses. Conclusions These results indicate that even at low doses, alcohol exposure during pregnancy impacts brain development and that these effects persist into young adulthood.