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Kynurenate and 7‐Chlorokynurenate Formation in Chronically Epileptic Rats
Author(s) -
Wu HuiQiu,
Rassoulpour Arash,
Goodman Jeffrey H.,
Scharfman Helen E.,
Bertram Edward H.,
Schwarcz Robert
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
epilepsia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.687
H-Index - 191
eISSN - 1528-1167
pISSN - 0013-9580
DOI - 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.67404.x
Subject(s) - kynurenic acid , microdialysis , astrogliosis , kynurenine , chemistry , pharmacology , nmda receptor , gliosis , entorhinal cortex , kynurenine pathway , epilepsy , hippocampus , neuroscience , medicine , biology , biochemistry , receptor , central nervous system , extracellular , amino acid , tryptophan
Summary: Purpose: The tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its synthetic derivative, 7‐chlorokynurenic acid (7‐Cl‐KYNA), are antagonists of the glycine co‐agonist (“glycine B ”) site of the N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA)‐receptor. Both compounds have neuroprotective and anticonvulsive properties but do not readily penetrate the blood–brain barrier. However, KYNA and 7‐Cl‐KYNA can be formed in, and released from, astrocytes after the peripheral administration of their transportable precursors kynurenine and 4‐chlorokynurenine, respectively. The present study was designed to examine these biosynthetic processes, as well as astrogliosis, in animals with spontaneously recurring seizures. Methods: The fate and formation of KYNA and 7‐Cl‐KYNA was studied in vivo (microdialysis) and in vitro (tissue slices) in rats exhibiting chronic seizure activity (pilocarpine model) and in appropriate controls. Neuronal loss and gliosis in these animals were examined immunohistochemically. Results: In vivo microdialysis revealed higher ambient extracellular KYNA levels and enhanced de novo formation of 7‐Cl‐KYNA in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in epileptic rats. Complementary studies in tissue slices showed increased neosynthesis of KYNA and 7‐Cl‐KYNA in the same two brain areas. Microscopic analysis revealed pronounced astrocytic reactions in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in epileptic animals. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the epileptic brain can synthesize glycine B receptor antagonists in situ. Astrogliosis probably accounts for their enhanced production in chronically epileptic rats. These results bode well for the use of 4‐chlorokynurenine in the treatment of chronic seizure disorders.