Potential Mechanisms for Muscle‐Powered Cardiac Support

Biomechanical actuation of an implanted ventricular assist device (VAD) is an attractive means of providing long‐term circulatory support. Studies show that energy from electrically stimulated skeletal muscle can, in principle, be used to provide tether‐free cardiac assistance without the need for percutaneous drivelines or bulky energy transmission hardware. A mechanical prosthesis designed to harness the contractile power of in situ skeletal muscle has been developed in this laboratory that collects energy from the latissimus dorsi muscle and transmits it in the form of hydraulic power. In order to use this technique to pump blood however, a practical means to deliver this energy to the bloodstream must be devised. Presented here are six prospective mechanisms designed to accomplish this task, five of which also eliminate blood contacting surfaces that often lead to thromboembolic complications in chronic VAD patients.