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Ultrasonic Bioeffects: A View of Experimental Studies
Author(s) -
O'Brien William D.
Publication year - 1984
Publication title -
birth
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.233
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1523-536X
pISSN - 0730-7659
DOI - 10.1111/j.1523-536x.1984.tb00769.x
Subject(s) - ultrasound , ultrasonic sensor , diagnostic ultrasound , doppler effect , ultrasonography , echo (communications protocol) , continuous wave , medicine , pulse (music) , doppler ultrasound , biomedical engineering , acoustics , materials science , radiology , optics , physics , computer science , laser , computer network , astronomy , detector
Diagnostic ultrasound of the pulse‐echo imaging type is used in at least 25 per cent of pregnancies, and Doppler continuous wave ultrasound, as employed in external electronic fetal monitors, is used in nearly all pregnancies. Diagnostic ultrasound energy levels are from 0.1 to 40 mW/cm 2 . These intensity levels depend on the characteristics of the ultrasonic beam and temporal exposure. The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine states that…“there have been as of October, 1982 no independently confirmed significant biological effects in mammalian tissues exposed to intensities below 100 mW/cm 2 .” Some of the animal studies reviewed by the AIUM to reach this conclusion are discussed.