Metal‐complex Dyes for Wool and Nylon — 1930 to date

An introduction outlining the scope and limitations of this paper is followed by a brief explanation of the essential structural features of metal‐complex dyes. The earliest metal‐complex dyes were produced directly within the fibre material by reacting a metallisable dye with a chromium compound in situ . The first chromium complex dyes prepared in substance, were the chromium complexes containing sulpho‐groups, synthesised by R Bohn of BASF, in 1912, the application of which was first made possible after the discovery by Ciba of a satisfactory dyeing process based on the use of a dyebath made strongly acid with sulphuric acid. These two classes of dye dominated the dyeing industry into the 1950s. At that time 1:2 metal‐complex dyes without sulphonic acid groups but containing nonionic substituents as solubilising groups were introduced. These complexes were applicable from neutral to weakly acid dyebaths, which minimised the damage to the fibres. These dyeings were characterised by high fastness to light and wet treatments. Later, for commercial reasons, sulphonic acid groups were again introduced into the dye molecule to increase their hydrophilic properties. These dyes also have become well established as a result of the introduction of new dyeing methods and the development of dyeing auxiliaries designed to promote level dyeing. In addition to these types of metal‐complex dyes, further metal‐complex dyes selected from the extensive patent literature of the last 50 years because of their interesting structure are described.