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Earnings Management through Transaction Structuring: Contingent Convertible Debt and Diluted Earnings per Share
Author(s) -
MARQUARDT CAROL,
WIEDMAN CHRISTINE
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
journal of accounting research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.767
H-Index - 141
eISSN - 1475-679X
pISSN - 0021-8456
DOI - 10.1111/j.1475-679x.2005.00168.x
Subject(s) - convertible bond , earnings , business , financial statement , taxable income , earnings per share , earnings management , reputation , debt , accounting , bond , convertible arbitrage , database transaction , structuring , monetary economics , finance , economics , audit , social science , sociology , capital asset pricing model , arbitrage pricing theory , computer science , risk arbitrage , programming language
In this article we examine whether firms structure their convertible bond transactions to manage diluted earnings per share (EPS). We find that the likelihood of firms issuing contingent convertible bonds (COCOs), which are often excluded from diluted EPS calculations under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) 128, is significantly associated with the reduction that would occur in diluted EPS if the bonds were traditionally structured. We also document that firms' use of EPS‐based compensation contracts significantly affects the likelihood of COCO issuance and find weak evidence that reputation costs, measured using earnings restatement data, play a role in the structuring decision. These results are robust to controlling for alternative motivations for issuing COCOs, including tax and dilution arguments. In addition, an examination of announcement returns reveals that investors view the net benefits and costs of COCOs as offsetting one another. Our results contribute to the literature on earnings management, diluted EPS, financial reporting costs, and financial innovation.