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Fe(III) stimulates 3‐methylindole and 4‐methylphenol production in swine lagoon enrichments and Clostridium scatologenes ATCC 25775
Author(s) -
Doerner K.C.,
Mason B.P.,
Kridelbaugh D.,
Loughrin J.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
letters in applied microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.698
H-Index - 110
eISSN - 1472-765X
pISSN - 0266-8254
DOI - 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02500.x
Subject(s) - chemistry , yeast extract , tryptophan , clostridium , tyrosine , nuclear chemistry , food science , mole , medicinal chemistry , fermentation , bacteria , biochemistry , biology , amino acid , genetics
Aims: To determine the effects of anaerobic electron acceptors on 3‐methylindole (3‐MI) and 4‐methylphenol (4‐MP) production in swine lagoon enrichments and Clostridium scatologenes ATCC 25775. Methods and Results: Swine lagoon sediment was incubated anaerobically in tryptone‐yeast extract medium with (10 mmol l −1 ) Na 2 SO 4 , KNO 3 , dimethyl sulfoxide or Fe(III). With Fe(III), 3‐MI and 4‐MP levels increased significantly to 138 ± 15·8 and 187 ± 14·0 μ mol l −1 , respectively. Clostridium scatologenes cultured in brain–heart infusion medium amended with (10 mmol l −1 ) Na 2 SO 4 , KNO 3 , MnO 2 or Fe(III), resulted in only Fe(III) significantly increasing 3‐MI (1308 μ mol l −1 ) and 4‐MP (367 μ mol l −1 ) levels. In semi‐defined medium, Fe(III) alone and Fe(III) + l ‐tryptophan (1 mmol l −1 ) resulted in a 1·85‐fold and 15·6‐fold increase in 3‐MI levels over l ‐tryptophan alone, respectively. Fe(III) alone and Fe(III) + l ‐tyrosine (1 mmol l −1 ) caused a 4·4‐fold and 22·9‐fold increase in 4‐MP levels over tyrosine alone, respectively. Fe(III) did not increase growth of Cl. scatologenes . Conclusions: Fe(III) increases 3‐MI and 4‐MP in swine lagoon enrichments and Cl. scatologenes broth cultures. Significance and Impact of the Study: Previous studies suggest Fe(III) addition to swine lagoons could remediate malodorous volatile fatty acids; however, here data suggest Fe(III) could increase malodorous indolic and phenolic levels.