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Trauma, PTSD and personality: the relationship between prolonged traumatization and personality impairments
Author(s) -
Daud Atia,
Klinteberg Britt af,
Rydelius PerAnders
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
scandinavian journal of caring sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.678
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1471-6712
pISSN - 0283-9318
DOI - 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00532.x
Subject(s) - torture , personality , psychology , clinical psychology , psychopathology , psychiatry , personality disorders , injury prevention , poison control , medicine , medical emergency , social psychology , political science , law , human rights
Objective: Chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with personality impairments involving externalized and internalized psychopathology. This study has explored the association between PTSD symptoms as consequences of prolonged torture experiences or early childhood trauma exposure and personality traits. Method: One hundred and sixty‐one men were included: 36 Iraqi men refugees (mean age = 43.9, SD = 8.7) who had longstanding torture experiences as adults; 42 Swedish prisoners (mean age = 33.8, SD = 7), with early childhood trauma exposure; 31 Arab men refugees (mean age = 41.8, SD = 8.9) without self‐reported torture or violence experiences; 52 non‐traumatized Swedish males (mean age = 39.3, SD = 5.5). They were assessed for symptoms of PTSD or PTSD hypothetical clusters. Personality profile was assessed by the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Factor analysis with varimax rotation was conducted and yielded three factors: externalized, internalized and avoidance domains. Results: Individuals who suffered prolonged torture experiences or had early childhood trauma exposure showed impaired personality profiles in internalized and externalized domains. Individuals with or without PTSD showed significant differences p < 0.05 concerning: internalized, externalized and avoidance. anova and post‐hoc analysis according to Scheffé showed that the prolonged torture group > early childhood trauma exposure > nontraumatized group. Conclusion: Prolonged torture experiences or early trauma exposure may impair personality formation by enhancing the effects of cognitive, affective and behavioural vulnerabilities.