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Acetate reduces microglia inflammatory signaling in vitro
Author(s) -
Soliman Mahmoud L.,
Puig Kendra L.,
Combs Colin K.,
Rosenberger Thad A.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of neurochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.75
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1471-4159
pISSN - 0022-3042
DOI - 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07955.x
Subject(s) - p38 mitogen activated protein kinases , phosphorylation , acetylation , microglia , tumor necrosis factor alpha , mapk/erk pathway , kinase , protein kinase a , biology , histone h3 , microbiology and biotechnology , signal transduction , chemistry , biochemistry , endocrinology , inflammation , immunology , gene
Acetate supplementation increases brain acetyl‐CoA and histone acetylation and reduces lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )‐induced neuroglial activation and interleukin ( IL )‐1β expression in vivo . To determine how acetate imparts these properties, we tested the hypothesis that acetate metabolism reduces inflammatory signaling in microglia. To test this, we measured the effect acetate treatment had on cytokine expression, mitogen‐activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling, histone H3 at lysine 9 acetylation, and alterations of nuclear factor‐kappa B ( NF‐κB ) in primary and BV‐2 cultured microglia. We found that treatment induced H3K9 hyperacetylation and reversed LPS‐induced H3K9 hypoacetylation similar to that found in vivo . LPS also increased IL‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha ( TNF ‐α) mRNA and protein, whereas treatment returned the protein to control levels and only partially attenuated IL‐6 mRNA . In contrast, treatment increased mRNA levels of transforming growth factor‐β1 ( TGF ‐β1) and both IL‐4 mRNA and protein. LPS increased p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation at 4 and 2–4 h, respectively, whereas treatment reduced p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation only at 2 h. In addition, treatment reversed the LPS‐induced elevation of NF‐κB p65 protein and phosphorylation at serine 468 and induced acetylation at lysine 310. These data suggest that acetate metabolism reduces inflammatory signaling and alters histone and non‐histone protein acetylation.