α 2 ‐Adrenoceptors activate noradrenaline‐mediated glycogen turnover in chick astrocytes

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117 , 915–926. Abstract In the brain, glycogen is primarily stored in astrocytes where it is regulated by several hormones/neurotransmitters, including noradrenaline that controls glycogen breakdown (in the short term) and synthesis. Here, we have examined the adrenoceptor (AR) subtype that mediates the glycogenic effect of noradrenaline in chick primary astrocytes by the measurement of glycogen turnover (total 14 C incorporation of glucose into glycogen) following noradrenergic activation. Noradrenaline and insulin increased glycogen turnover in a concentration‐dependent manner. The effect of noradrenaline was mimicked by stimulation of α 2 ‐ARs (and to a lesser degree by β 3 ‐ARs), but not by stimulation of α 1 ‐, β 1 ‐, or β 2 ‐ARs, and occurred only in astrocytes and not neurons. In chick astrocytes, studies using RT‐PCR and radioligand binding showed that α 2A ‐ and α 2C ‐AR mRNA and protein were present. α 2 ‐AR‐ or insulin‐mediated glycogen turnover was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase inhibitors, and both insulin and clonidine caused phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase‐3 in chick astrocytes. α 2 ‐AR but not insulin‐mediated glycogen turnover was inhibited by pertussis toxin pre‐treatment indicating involvement of Gi/o proteins. These results show that the increase in glycogen turnover caused by noradrenaline is because of activation of α 2 ‐ARs that increase glycogen turnover in astrocytes utilizing a Gi/o–PI3K pathway.