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Modulation of Aanat gene transcription in the rat pineal gland
Author(s) -
Ho Anthony K.,
Chik Constance L.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
journal of neurochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.75
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1471-4159
pISSN - 0022-3042
DOI - 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06457.x
Subject(s) - pineal gland , pinealocyte , melatonin , suprachiasmatic nucleus , biology , medicine , endocrinology , circadian rhythm , microbiology and biotechnology , signal transduction , protein kinase a , transcription (linguistics) , phosphorylation , linguistics , philosophy
The main function of the rat pineal gland is to transform the circadian rhythm generated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus into a rhythmic signal of circulating melatonin characterized by a large nocturnal increase that closely reflects the duration of night period. This is achieved through the tight coupling between environmental lighting and the expression of arylalkylamine‐ N ‐acetyltransferase, the rhythm‐controlling enzyme in melatonin synthesis. The initiation of Aanat transcription at night is controlled largely by the norepinephrine‐stimulated phosphorylation of cAMP response element‐binding protein by protein kinase A. However, to accurately reflect the duration of darkness, additional signaling mechanisms also participate to fine‐tune the temporal profile of adrenergic‐induced Aanat transcription. Here, we reviewed some of these signaling mechanisms, with emphasis on the more recent findings. These signaling mechanisms can be divided into two groups: those involving modification of constitutively expressed proteins and those requiring synthesis of new proteins. This review highlights the pineal gland as an excellent model system for studying neurotransmitter‐regulated rhythmic gene expression.