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Minocycline prevents glutamate‐induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons by differential regulation of p38 and Akt pathways
Author(s) -
Pi Rongbiao,
Li Wenming,
Lee Nelson T. K.,
Chan Hugh H. N.,
Pu Yongmei,
Chan Ling Nga,
Sucher Nikolaus J.,
Chang Donald C.,
Li Mingtao,
Han Yifan
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
journal of neurochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.75
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1471-4159
pISSN - 0022-3042
DOI - 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02796.x
Subject(s) - minocycline , neuroprotection , glutamate receptor , excitotoxicity , protein kinase b , chemistry , pharmacology , microbiology and biotechnology , wortmannin , pi3k/akt/mtor pathway , biology , biochemistry , signal transduction , receptor , antibiotics
Minocycline has been shown to have remarkably neuroprotective qualities, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We reported here the robust neuroprotection by minocycline against glutamate‐induced apoptosis through regulations of p38 and Akt pathways. Pre‐treatment of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with minocycline (10–100 µ m ) elicited a dose‐dependent reduction of glutamate excitotoxicity and blocked glutamate‐induced nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentations. Using patch‐clamping and fluorescence Ca 2+ imaging techniques, it was found that minocycline neither blocked NMDA receptors, nor reduced glutamate‐caused rises in intracellular Ca 2+ . Instead, confirmed by immunoblots, minocycline in vivo and in vitro was shown to directly inhibit the activation of p38 caused by glutamate. A p38‐specific inhibitor, SB203580, also attenuated glutamate excitotoxicity. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of minocycline were blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, while pharmacologic inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) attenuated glutamate‐induced apoptosis. In addition, immunoblots revealed that minocycline reversed the suppression of phosphorylated Akt and GSK3β caused by glutamate, as were abolished by PI3‐K inhibitors. These results demonstrate that minocycline prevents glutamate‐induced apoptosis in CGNs by directly inhibiting p38 activity and maintaining the activation of PI3‐K/Akt pathway, which offers a novel modality as to how the drug exerts protective effects.