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Petal‐specific subfunctionalization of an APETALA3 paralog in the Ranunculales and its implications for petal evolution
Author(s) -
Sharma Bharti,
Guo Chunce,
Kong Hongzhi,
Kramer Elena M.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
new phytologist
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.742
H-Index - 244
eISSN - 1469-8137
pISSN - 0028-646X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03744.x
Subject(s) - petal , subfunctionalization , biology , lineage (genetic) , evolutionary biology , genetics , locus (genetics) , gene , gene family , genome , botany
Summary• The petals of the lower eudicot family Ranunculaceae are thought to have been derived many times independently from stamens. However, investigation of the genetic basis of their identity has suggested an alternative hypothesis: that they share a commonly inherited petal identity program. This theory is based on the fact that an ancient paralogous lineage of APETALA3 ( AP3 ) in the Ranunculaceae appears to have a conserved, petal‐specific expression pattern. • Here, we have used a combination of approaches, including RNAi, comparative gene expression and molecular evolutionary studies, to understand the function of this petal‐specific AP3 lineage. • Functional analysis of the Aquilegia locus AqAP3‐3 has demonstrated that the paralog is required for petal identity with little contribution to the identity of the other floral organs. Expanded expression studies and analyses of molecular evolutionary patterns provide further evidence that orthologs of AqAP3‐3 are primarily expressed in petals and are under higher purifying selection across the family than the other AP3 paralogs. • Taken together, these findings suggest that the AqAP3‐3 lineage underwent progressive subfunctionalization within the order Ranunculales, ultimately yielding a specific role in petal identity that has probably been conserved, in stark contrast with the multiple independent origins predicted by botanical theories.