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Molecular trait indicators: moving beyond phylogeny in arbuscular mycorrhizal ecology
Author(s) -
Gamper Hannes A.,
van der Heijden Marcel G. A.,
Kowalchuk George A.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
new phytologist
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.742
H-Index - 244
eISSN - 1469-8137
pISSN - 0028-646X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03058.x
Subject(s) - biology , organism , ecology , symbiosis , ecosystem , phylogenetics , trait , gene , evolutionary biology , genetics , bacteria , computer science , programming language
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with the roots of most plants, thereby mediating nutrient and carbon fluxes, plant performance, and ecosystem dynamics. Although considerable effort has been expended to understand the keystone ecological position of AM symbioses, most studies have been limited in scope to recording organism occurrences and identities, as determined from morphological characters and (mainly) ribosomal sequence markers. In order to overcome these restrictions and circumvent the shortcomings of culture‐ and phylogeny‐based approaches, we propose a shift toward plant and fungal protein‐encoding genes as more immediate indicators of mycorrhizal contributions to ecological processes. A number of candidate target genes, involved in the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen, carbon cycling, and overall metabolic activity, are proposed. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of future protein‐encoding gene marker and current (phylo‐) taxonomic approaches for studying the impact of AM fungi on plant growth and ecosystem functioning. Approaches based on protein‐encoding genes are expected to open opportunities to advance the mechanistic understanding of ecological roles of mycorrhizas in natural and managed ecosystems.