Influence of acidic mist on frost hardiness and nutrient concentrations in red spruce seedlings

SUMMARY Two‐year‐old red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) of Pittston provenance and 3‐yr‐old plants of Chatham provenance were exposed to acid mist in replicated open‐top chambers supplied with charcoal‐filtered air near Edinburgh, Scotland. Plants of Chatham provenance had already been exposed to acid mist throughout the previous growing season. The plants were exposed to mist, equivalent to 4 mm rainfall per week, containing an equimolar mixture of sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate at pH 2.5 or pH 5.0 (1.6 or 0.01 mol m 3 ) from May to November. This weekly dose was delivered at a low frequency (2 mm twice a week), or high frequency (1 mm on 4 consecutive days each week) to chambers fitted with ceilings to exclude rain. The low frequency dose was also applied to chambers without ceilings, to examine the effect of natural washing by rain. Frost hardiness, estimated by exposing detached shoots to controlled freezing and then measuring rates of electrolyte leakage, was determined during the misting period at the end of October and in December. Foliar nutrient concentrations were measured during the dormant period after treatment had ceased. At the end of October, plants which had received acid mist were less frost hardy than plants receiving mist at pH 5. The temperature causing 50% shoot death (LT 50 ) increased by 6 °C for low frequency application, and by 10 °C at high frequency, relative to the plants receiving mist at pH 5. Exclusion of ambient rainfall had no detectable effect on the frost hardiness response to acid mist. In December, 3 wk after the cessation of misting, all plants were more frost hardy than in October. Significant effects of the acid mist treatment could no longer be detected. Differences in nutrient concentrations were small among treatments, although K + concentrations in the low frequency treatment with acid mist with rain exclusion were 50 % below those in other treatments. Ca concentrations were 50% larger in the acid mist treatment with rain exclusion than without. The data suggested enhanced sulphate uptake resulting from increasing the frequency of exposure, but the increase was not significant. There was no clear relationship between the pattern of frost hardiness and nutrient concentrations except for S, which was 30% smaller in the control plants (pH 5) than in the high frequency pH 2.5 treatments. It is concluded that excluding rainfall, an experimental artifact introduced in evaluating effects of acid mist, does not influence the frost hardiness response of red spruce seedlings. The much greater effect of exposure to the same dose at double the frequency suggests that such experiments may underestimate effects in the field, if those trees are exposed to more frequent episodes of polluted cloud water than experimental plants.