THE BIRD FAUNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN RELATION TO SPECIES FORMATION

Summary. The Galapagos Islands possess a peculiar and highly characteristic fauna and flora. The abundant bird and reptile populations are nearly all of endemic species; of the land birds only two species occur elsewhere than in these islands. Studies bearing upon the origin of the Galapagos fauna have led to diverse conclusions; scrutiny of modes of variation has revealed some curious situations. The Galapagos have been variously regarded as the surviving remnants of a land‐mass, now sunken, that was formerly connected with the American mainland, and as oceanic islands that have appeared above the ocean as the result of volcanic upheaval. Study of the birds is confirmatory of the latter view. The avifauna is clearly not derived from the South American mainland directly to the eastward. Of the marine species there are one or two of southern origin, borne northward on the cold Humboldt current, and there are others which constitute local forms of species that are of world‐wide distribution. There is an important element definitely recognisable as of West Indian derivation, and others may have originated from the same source. There are a few species that clearly are not of West Indian ancestry, and there are a number that are too widely differentiated for recognition of their immediate affinities. The hypothesis is advanced that the inception of the Galapagos avifauna took place in a period when North and South America were separated by the sea; the relationship of the faunas of the West Indies and the Galapagos is to be regarded in the same light as relationships from one to another of the West Indian islands. The bird population of the Galapagos, abundant as regards individuals, is, as regards representation of different groups, of the sparse and miscellaneous character to be expected of chance‐controlled wanderers to distant islands. Conditions are uniform enough throughout the archipelago, so that, with much local variation, each island contains a fair representation of the same general assemblage of species. Trends of variation are seen in arrested stages of plumage in certain species, in a possible tendency to melanism in others. There are many variants of these situations. The outstanding group of birds is the endemic family, the Geospizidae, including 37 species and sub‐species out of the entire list of 89 breeding birds. Extensive variation and complicated relationships within this family are such as can probably not be duplicated in any mainland stock of birds. The observed variation presents difficulties to classification, and certain trends of development seem to act independently of natural selection. The Geospizidae afford a fine example of diversification unhindered by competition.