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Risk factors for stroke‐related pain 1 year after first‐ever stroke
Author(s) -
Lundström E.,
Smits A.,
Terént A.,
Borg J.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
european journal of neurology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.881
H-Index - 124
eISSN - 1468-1331
pISSN - 1351-5101
DOI - 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02378.x
Subject(s) - medicine , stroke (engine) , spasticity , depression (economics) , physical therapy , paresis , modified ashworth scale , visual analogue scale , physical medicine and rehabilitation , psychiatry , mechanical engineering , engineering , economics , macroeconomics
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of stroke‐related pain and to explore its relation to spasticity. Design: Cross‐sectional survey. Patients and methods: One hundred and forty patients were examined at 1 year after first‐ever stroke. Pain was assessed by a structured interview and categorized as stroke‐related or not, pain intensity by use of the visual analogue scale (VAS), spasticity by use of the modified Ashworth scale, stroke severity and the presence of specific neurological impairments by use of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and depression by use of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Scale. Results: Pain was reported by 68 patients (49%) with a mean VAS of 42 (95% CI 36–47). In 29 patients (21%), pain was categorized as stroke‐related pain. Univariate analyses demonstrated correlations between stroke‐related pain and total NIHSS score, paresis, sensory disturbance, depression and spasticity respectively. A multiple regression analysis demonstrated an independent association of stroke‐related pain with paresis (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.2–7.7), sensory disturbance (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–8.9) and depression (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.4–13). Conclusions: The estimated prevalence of stroke‐related pain was 21%. Stroke‐related pain was associated with sensorimotor impairments and depression, but not with spasticity as an independent variable.