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Incidence and risk factors of bacterial pneumonia requiring hospitalization in HIV‐infected patients started on a protease inhibitor‐containing regimen
Author(s) -
Le Moing V,
Rabaud C,
Journot V,
Duval X,
Cuzin L,
Cassuto JP,
Al Kaied F,
Dellamonica P,
Chêne G,
Raffi F
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
hiv medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.53
H-Index - 79
eISSN - 1468-1293
pISSN - 1464-2662
DOI - 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00370.x
Subject(s) - medicine , pneumonia , bacterial pneumonia , incidence (geometry) , regimen , streptococcus pneumoniae , haemophilus influenzae , protease inhibitor (pharmacology) , gastroenterology , immunology , antibiotics , viral load , microbiology and biotechnology , antiretroviral therapy , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , physics , optics , biology
Objectives To describe the incidence and risk factors of bacterial pneumonia occurring in patients treated with antiretrovirals. Methods In the ongoing APROCO (Anti‐proteases) cohort, 1281 patients at the initiation of a protease inhibitor (PI)‐containing antiretroviral regimen were enrolled from 1997–1999. All events requiring hospitalization during follow up are recorded. Of these, bacterial pneumonia was defined as the occurrence of a new pulmonary infiltrate with fever and either evidence of a bacteriological cause (definite cases) or favourable outcome with antimicrobial therapy (presumptive cases). Risk factors of bacterial pneumonia were studied using survival analyses. Results During a median follow up of 43 months, 29 patients had at least one episode of bacterial pneumonia, giving an incidence of 0.8/100 patient years. The 11 definite cases were attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae ( n =9), Legionella pneumophila ( n =1) and Haemophilus influenzae ( n =1). In multivariate analysis, bacterial pneumonia was significantly more frequent in older patients, injecting drug users, patients having a CD4 cell count>500 cells/μL at baseline and patients who initiated PI therapy with nonboosted saquinavir. It was significantly less frequent in nonsmokers. The occurrence of bacterial pneumonia was also associated with lower self‐reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy and to higher plasma HIV‐1 RNA levels during follow‐up. Conclusions Bacterial pneumonia occurs rarely in patients treated with a PI‐containing regimen and may be associated with virological failure.