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Depression and neurocognitive performance in individuals with HIV/AIDS: 2‐year follow‐up
Author(s) -
Gibbie T,
Mijch A,
Ellen S,
Hoy J,
Hutchison C,
Wright E,
Chua P,
Judd F
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
hiv medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.53
H-Index - 79
eISSN - 1468-1293
pISSN - 1464-2662
DOI - 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00350.x
Subject(s) - neurocognitive , medicine , cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery , cohort , beck depression inventory , depression (economics) , mood , neuropsychology , trail making test , dementia , repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status , neuropsychological test , effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance , psychiatry , cognition , anxiety , macroeconomics , disease , spatial memory , economics , working memory
Objectives The aims of this study were to follow a cohort of HIV‐infected individuals for 2 years to assess changes in depression and neuropsychological performance over time, to explore the relationship between depression, HIV illness and neuropsychological performance, and to examine the natural history of the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on depression and neurocognitive performance. Methods HIV‐seropositive out‐patients were assessed at baseline and at 2‐year follow‐up. At each assessment, patients were assessed for depression [using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Structured Clinical Interview (SCID‐CV)] and completed a battery of neuropsychological tests including the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and the Hopkins HIV Dementia Scale (HDS). Results At baseline, 34.8% scored ≥14 on the BDI [≥14 suggests depressive symptoms (DS)]. The SCID‐CV revealed that 27% of participants met the criteria for current mood disorder. Seven per cent of the participants' scores on the HDS indicated HIV‐associated cognitive changes. Eighty participants were re‐tested at 2‐year follow‐up and were split into two groups based on BDI scores at baseline. CANTAB results revealed that the cohort were significantly impaired on nine of 10 measures compared with age‐matched normative data. Neurocognitive performance significantly improved for participants with no DS at baseline, whereas participants with DS at baseline did not show as much improvement. Multivariate analysis revealed that 40% of the change in cognitive performance was attributable to the variables age, AIDS and HAART regimen. Conclusion These results suggest a significant decline in depression scores and an improvement in several neurocognitive domains over time, with a relationship between HIV illness, HAART, symptoms of depression and neurocognitive performance.