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The Meaning of Cause and Prevent: The Role of Causal Mechanism
Author(s) -
WALSH CLARE R.,
SLOMAN STEVEN A.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
mind and language
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.905
H-Index - 68
eISSN - 1468-0017
pISSN - 0268-1064
DOI - 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01409.x
Subject(s) - causation , mechanism (biology) , outcome (game theory) , meaning (existential) , causative , psychology , cognitive psychology , epistemology , causality (physics) , causal model , causal chain , social psychology , cognitive science , computer science , philosophy , artificial intelligence , mathematical economics , economics , medicine , physics , pathology , quantum mechanics , verb
How do people understand questions about cause and prevent? Some theories propose that people affirm that A causes B if A's occurrence makes a difference to B's occurrence in one way or another. Other theories propose that A causes B if some quantity or symbol gets passed in some way from A to B. The aim of our studies is to compare these theories' ability to explain judgements of causation and prevention. We describe six experiments that compare judgements for causal paths that involve a mechanism, i.e. a continuous process of transmission or exchange from cause to effect, against paths that involve no mechanism yet a change in the cause nevertheless brings about a change in the effect. Our results show that people prefer to attribute cause when a mechanism links cause to effect. In contrast, prevention is sensitive both to the presence of an interruption to a causal mechanism and to a change in the outcome in the absence of a mechanism. In this sense, ‘prevent’ means something different than ‘cause not'. We discuss the implications of our results for existing theories of causation.