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Do Natural Resources Depress Income Per Capita?
Author(s) -
Arezki Rabah,
van der Ploeg Frederick
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
review of development economics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.531
H-Index - 50
eISSN - 1467-9361
pISSN - 1363-6669
DOI - 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00623.x
Subject(s) - economics , resource curse , endogeneity , per capita income , natural resource , rule of law , openness to experience , expropriation , per capita , monetary economics , macroeconomics , econometrics , population , market economy , psychology , ecology , social psychology , demography , sociology , politics , political science , law , biology
Most evidence for the resource curse comes from cross‐country growth regressions suffers from bias originating from the high and ever‐evolving volatility in commodity prices. These issues are addressed by providing new cross‐country empirical evidence for the effect of resources in income per capita. Natural resource dependence (resource exports) has a significant negative effect on income per capita, especially in countries with bad rule of law or bad policies, but these results weaken substantially once we allow for endogeneity. However, the more exogenous measure of resource abundance (stock of natural capital) has a significant negative effect on income per capita even after controlling for geography, rule of law and de facto or de jure trade openness. Furthermore, this effect is more severe for countries that have little de jure trade openness. These results are robust to using alternative measures of institutional quality (expropriation and corruption instead of rule of law).