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Behavioral, Affective, and Social Correlates of Involvement in Cross‐Sex Friendship in Elementary School
Author(s) -
Kovacs Donna M.,
Parker Jeffrey G.,
Hoffman Lois W.
Publication year - 1996
Publication title -
child development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.103
H-Index - 257
eISSN - 1467-8624
pISSN - 0009-3920
DOI - 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01856.x
Subject(s) - psychology , friendship , developmental psychology , sociometry , peer group , social competence , socioeconomic status , competence (human resources) , social cognition , cognition , social psychology , social change , population , demography , neuroscience , sociology , economics , economic growth
The purpose of this study was to compare children with and without cross‐sex friends on measures of social and cognitive competence, endorsement of sex‐role stereotypes, and family composition. Subjects were 723 third and fourth graders (377 girls, 346 boys) from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds; 35% were African American. Measures included sociometric assessments of peer acceptance, friendship, and behavioral reputation, as well as self‐reports of perceived self‐competence and endorsement of sex‐role stereotypes. In addition, teachers completed ratings of children's social and cognitive competence. In all, 92 children, about 14% of the sample, had one or more reciprocal opposite‐sex friends; for 21 of these children, their cross‐sex friendships were their primary or only friendships. African American children were more likely than European American children to have opposite‐sex friends. Involvement in cross‐sex friendships was unrelated to the gender make‐up of the classroom, but was related to family structure. Comparisons of the children who had primarily or only cross‐sex friends to matched groups of children who had only same‐sex friends and to children who had cross‐sex friends secondarily to same‐sex ones revealed a number of differences between the groups in social competence and relationships with peers. Overall, children with primarily opposite‐sex friends had poorer social skills than other children with friends, although they were less stereotyped about sex roles than other children, and were better adjusted than children with no friends on most measures. In contrast, children involved in opposite‐sex friendship secondarily to same‐sex friendship were as well adjusted socially as children with only same‐sex friendships. These results suggest that children with cross‐sex friends differ among themselves, depending on the primacy of the cross‐sex relationship.