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Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children
Author(s) -
Kochanska Grazyna,
DeVet Katherine,
Goldman Marguerita,
Murray Kathleen,
Putnam Samuel P.
Publication year - 1994
Publication title -
child development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.103
H-Index - 257
eISSN - 1467-8624
pISSN - 0009-3920
DOI - 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00788.x
Subject(s) - conscience , psychology , wrongdoing , temperament , developmental psychology , vigilance (psychology) , feeling , moral development , impulsivity , empathy , social psychology , personality , cognitive psychology , political science , law
Multiple manifestations of emerging conscience, their development, organization, and links with temperament were studied in 171 21–70‐month‐old children. A new parental report instrument was designed to measure conscience, with good psychometric qualities and predictive of children's behaviors in a laboratory. For most aspects of conscience, the major developmental shifts occurred around age 3. 2 components of early conscience emerged in factor analyses: Affective Discomfort, significantly higher for girls, that encompassed guilt, apology, concern about good feelings with the parent following wrongdoing, and empathy with others, and Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance, which included confession and reparation following wrongdoing, internalization of rules of conduct (self‐regulation), and concern about others' wrongdoing. Children's temperament, assessed by maternal reports, was associated with conscience. Low impulsivity and high inhibitory control were associated with Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance for both sexes and, for girls only, also with Affective Discomfort. For girls, temperamental reactivity related positively to Affective Discomfort and negatively to Active Moral Regulation/Vigilance.