Patronage politics as a driver of economic regionalisation: The I ndonesian oil palm sector and transboundary haze

  Recent evidence has linked illegal peat and forest fires in I ndonesia to commercial oil palm plantations. Fire is the most cost‐efficient way to clear land for planting, but these fires release smoke causing transboundary haze pollution. The countries worst affected by the haze are neighbouring M alaysia and S ingapore. M alaysian and S ingaporean investors control more than two‐thirds of the I ndonesian oil palm plantation sector and they have been implicated in the fires alongside local plantations. Using information obtained from interviews with individuals linked to the sector, this paper aims to explain why these companies continue to burn despite the dire consequences of the haze. It identifies patronage politics as a common business culture in S outheast A sia, and argues that because these M alaysian and S ingaporean investors are already familiar with patronage practices at home, they have easily inserted themselves into existing patronage networks in I ndonesia. Hence, these companies enjoy the protection of their I ndonesian patrons during their operations. Furthermore, in a business atmosphere defined by patronage politics, clients are largely motivated by material gain. This explains why M alaysian and S ingaporean investors continue to clear land by fire in the interests of cost‐efficiency, despite their home countries suffering the worst effects of haze.