Premium
The past, present and future of cystoscopy: the fusion of cystoscopy and novel imaging technology
Author(s) -
Lee Christopher S.D.,
Yoon Cheol Yong,
Witjes J. Alfred
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
bju international
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.773
H-Index - 148
eISSN - 1464-410X
pISSN - 1464-4096
DOI - 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07964.x
Subject(s) - cystoscopy , medicine , cytology , bladder cancer , urinary system , radiology , carcinoma in situ , urine cytology , urology , cancer , pathology
Non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer is a frequent disease with many recurrences, making it a labour‐intensive and costly disease. In part, these frequent recurrences are due to inadequate diagnosis. Diagnostic reference standards to date are urinary cytology and cysto‐urethroscopy, but both standards have significant limitations. Urinary cytology is specific, but the sensitivity, especially for low‐grade tumours, is very low. Moreover, the reproducibility of cytology is low. However, cysto‐urethroscopy misses many tumours, especially flat carcinoma in situ , causing flaws in the initial diagnosis and treatment, i.e. transurethral resection. Therefore, new techniques are necessary to improve the detection of bladder cancer. Here we review the advantage and disadvantage of conventional white‐light and fluorescence‐based cystoscopy, and discuss novel endoscopic imaging techniques that are in the clinical and preclinical stage of development.