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A Geographical and Historical Survey of the Composition of Urinary Stones
Author(s) -
SUTOR D. JUNE,
WOOLEY SUSAN E.,
ILLINGWORTH J. J.
Publication year - 1974
Publication title -
british journal of urology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.773
H-Index - 148
eISSN - 1464-410X
pISSN - 0007-1331
DOI - 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1974.tb10177.x
Subject(s) - calcium oxalate , uric acid , urinary system , calcium , composition (language) , oxalate , ammonium oxalate , upper urinary tract , bladder stones , medicine , chemistry , inorganic chemistry , art , literature
Summary The composition of urinary stones in different countries can be related to the extent of economic development present and the major types of stones in the world, namely children's and adult lower urinary tract calculi in technically developing countries and adult upper urinary tract ones in industrialised areas, are of very different composition. Approximately 89 % of children's stones consist of or contain ammonium acid urate + calcium oxalate and the composition of the nucleus suggests the former compound is more important in the nucleation of such calculi. Of similar composition are children's bladder stones from old museum collections in England. Large amounts of uric acid and calcium oxalate are present in adult lower urinary tract stones from technically developing countries and museum collections, and many stones contain these 2 compounds frequently with ammonium acid urate. Adult upper urinary tract calculi from industrialised countries and from “Westernised” areas of technically developing ones, consist predominantly of calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate or pure calcium oxalate. Stones of such composition are not often found in collections of children's bladder calculi, whether from technically developing countries or museum collections, and stones with ammonium acid urate + calcium oxalate do not occur in industrialised countries like Great Britain and America. However, uric acid + calcium oxalate stones, but without ammonium acid urate, are found in some countries in Europe where they are the most frequently occurring type after the pure calcium oxalate and calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate varieties. Children's stones and adult lower urinary tract ones in industrialised countries and children's upper tract stones in technically developing countries, though of less importance, nevertheless have their own particular composition which again is different for regions of different economic development. The most frequent combinations of individual constituents in the different composition types are discussed, as well as the sex and average age of the patients and the number and weight of the stones.