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Timing of protein ingestion relative to resistance exercise training does not influence body composition, energy expenditure, glycaemic control or cardiometabolic risk factors in a hypocaloric, high protein diet in patients with type 2 diabetes
Author(s) -
Wycherley T. P.,
Noakes M.,
Clifton P. M.,
Cleanthous X.,
Keogh J. B.,
Brinkworth G. D.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.445
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1463-1326
pISSN - 1462-8902
DOI - 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01307.x
Subject(s) - medicine , overweight , endocrinology , type 2 diabetes , ingestion , meal , insulin resistance , waist , body mass index , obesity , weight loss , respiratory exchange ratio , resting energy expenditure , zoology , diabetes mellitus , energy expenditure , heart rate , biology , blood pressure
Aim: To investigate timing of protein ingestion relative to resistance exercise training (RT) on body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, glycaemic control and resting energy expenditure (REE) during weight loss on a high‐protein (HP) diet in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Thirty‐four men/women with T2DM (age 57 ± 7 years and body mass index 34.9 ± 4.2 kg m −2 ) were randomly assigned to the ingestion of a HP meal (860 kJ, 21 g protein, 0.7 g fat, 29.6 g carbohydrate) either immediately prior to RT or at least 2 h following RT. All participants followed a 16‐week, energy‐restricted (6–7 MJ day −1 ), HP diet (carbohydrate : protein : fat 43 : 33 : 22) and participated in supervised RT (3 day week −1 ). Outcomes were assessed pre‐ and postintervention at 16 weeks. Results: There was an overall reduction in bodyweight (−11.9 ± 6.1 kg), fat mass (−10.0 ± 4.4 kg), fat‐free mass (−1.9 ± 3.1 kg), waist circumference (−12.1 ± 5.3 cm), REE (−742 ± 624 kJ day −1 ), glucose (−1.9 ± 1.7 mmol l −1 ), insulin (−6.1 ± 6.7 mU l −1 ) and glycosylated haemoglobin (−1.1 ± 0.1%), p ≤ 0.01 time for all variables, with no difference between groups (p ≥ 0.41 group effect). Strength improved and cardiometabolic risk factors were reduced similarly in both groups; single repetition maximum chest press 11.0 ± 8.7 kg, single repetition maximum lat pull down 9.9 ± 6.0 kg, total cholesterol −0.6 ± 0.5 mmol l −1 , high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol −0.1 ± 0.2 mmol l −1 , low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol −0.3 ± 0.5 mmol l −1 , triglycerides −0.6 ± 0.7 mmol l −1 , blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) −13 ± 10/−7 ± 7 mmHg (p ≤ 0.04 time effect, p ≥ 0.24 group effect). Conclusion: A HP, energy‐restricted diet with RT was effective in improving glycaemic control, body composition, strength and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients with T2DM irrespective of altering the timing of protein ingestion relative to RT.