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The appetite‐suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine *
Author(s) -
Jessen A.,
Buemann B.,
Toubro S.,
Skovgaard I. M.,
Astrup A.
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.445
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1463-1326
pISSN - 1462-8902
DOI - 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00389.x
Subject(s) - caffeine , nicotine , appetite , alkaloid , pharmacology , medicine , anesthesia , endocrinology , chemistry , stereochemistry
Aim: To test whether the anorectic effect of nicotine may be amplified by caffeine. Methods: Chewing gums with nicotine and caffeine were administered to 12 healthy young men of normal weight. Different combinations of 0, 1 or 2 mg of nicotine and 0, 50 or 100 mg of caffeine were applied during a 2‐h period in a randomized, double blind, cross over design. Appetite sensations were measured using visual analogue scales. Results: Hunger and prospective food consumption were negatively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine, whereas satiety and fullness were positively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine (p < 0.05). Caffeine appeared to amplify the effects of nicotine on hunger and fullness as a caffeine × nicotine × time interaction was observed in these scores (p < 0.05). The 2‐mg dose of nicotine in combination with the 100‐mg dose of caffeine caused nausea in four of the non‐smokers. However, the effects of nicotine and the caffeine × nicotine × time interaction persisted after the exclusion of these subjects. Conclusion: Caffeine added to nicotine chewing gum appears to amplify its attenuating effects on appetite and the combinations of 1‐mg of nicotine with caffeine seem to be well tolerated.