Open AccessViral interference with innate immunity by preventing NF‐κB activity
Author(s) -
Le Negrate Gaëlle
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
cellular microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.542
H-Index - 138
eISSN - 1462-5822
pISSN - 1462-5814
DOI - 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01720.x
Subject(s) - biology , pattern recognition receptor , innate immune system , effector , pathogen associated molecular pattern , immune system , receptor , transcription factor , microbiology and biotechnology , signal transduction , immune receptor , immunity , rna interference , pathogen , immunology , genetics , gene , rna
Summary Viruses are the most abundant and diverse pathogens challenging the host immune system, and as such are a severe threat to human health. To this end, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade and subvert the host immune response. Host–pathogen interactions are usually initiated via recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include, Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLRs), NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) and DNA receptors. Effective sensing of PAMPs rapidly triggers host immune responses, via activation of complex signalling pathways that culminates in the induction of inflammatory responses and the eradication of pathogens. Activation of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) transcription pathway is crucial for the immediate early step of immune activation. This review discusses the recent evidence describing a variety of viral effectors that have been shown to prevent NF‐κB signalling. Most of these viral effectors can be broadly classified into three categories based on the site of inhibition within the NF‐κB pathway, that is, at the (i) TLRs, (ii) IKK complex or (iii) the transcriptional level.