How to assemble a beneficial microbiome in three easy steps

Abstract There is great interest in explaining how beneficial microbiomes are assembled. Antibiotic‐producing microbiomes are arguably the most abundant class of beneficial microbiome in nature, having been found on corals, arthropods, molluscs, vertebrates and plant rhizospheres. An exemplar is the attine ants, which cultivate a fungus for food and host a cuticular microbiome that releases antibiotics to defend the fungus from parasites. One explanation posits long‐term vertical transmission of P seudonocardia bacteria, which (somehow) evolve new compounds in arms‐race fashion against parasites. Alternatively, attines (somehow) selectively recruit multiple, non‐coevolved actinobacterial genera from the soil, enabling a ‘multi‐drug’ strategy against parasites. We reconcile the models by showing that when hosts fuel interference competition by providing abundant resources, the interference competition favours the recruitment of antibiotic‐producing (and ‐resistant) bacteria. This partner‐choice mechanism is more effective when at least one actinobacterial symbiont is vertically transmitted or has a high immigration rate, as in disease‐suppressive soils.