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Influence of smoking on human milk tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 levels at postpartum seventh day
Author(s) -
Ermis Bahri,
Yildirim Abdulkadir,
Tastekin Ayhan,
Ors Rahmi
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
pediatrics international
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.49
H-Index - 63
eISSN - 1442-200X
pISSN - 1328-8067
DOI - 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02864.x
Subject(s) - medicine , tumor necrosis factor alpha , pregnancy , interleukin 6 , adhesion , cell adhesion molecule , tumor necrosis factor α , interleukin , postpartum period , endocrinology , physiology , cytokine , immunology , genetics , organic chemistry , chemistry , biology
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on human milk interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 levels at the postpartum seventh day. Methods: Forty‐four mothers (age range: 21–34 years) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the smoking mothers ( n = 21) and the nonsmoking mothers ( n = 23). Results: There were no significant differences between study groups with respect to human milk interleukin‐1β ( P = 0.12) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 levels ( P = 0.83). However, TNF‐α levels were found to be significantly lower in the smoking mothers compared with the controls ( P = 0.002). Conclusion: This study shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects the levels of TNF‐α in milk. The protective effect of human milk against infections seems to be impaired in smoking mothers.