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Four Clinical Types of Panic Disorders
Author(s) -
Takeuchi Tatsuo,
Hasegawa Masahiko,
Ikeda Masatoshi,
Hayashi Ryosuke,
Tomiyama Gakujin,
Nemoto Toyomi,
Hoshino Keiko
Publication year - 1992
Publication title -
psychiatry and clinical neurosciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.609
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1440-1819
pISSN - 1323-1316
DOI - 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1992.tb00817.x
Subject(s) - panic , agoraphobia , panic disorder , anxiety , psychopathology , neuroticism , psychology , psychiatry , depression (economics) , anxiety disorder , clinical psychology , personality , psychoanalysis , economics , macroeconomics
The authors attempted to classify panic disorders into four types according to a clinical course and accompanying neurotic or depressive symptoms. The characteristics of each type are as follows; type I: a single panic attack is the only symptom, type 11 : only panic attacks occur frequently without any accompanying neurotic or depressive symptoms, type III: a recurrence of panic attacks and the gradual development of neurotic symptoms, such as anticipatory anxiety, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, or hypo‐chondriasis, type IV: depressive symptoms develop in the course of recurring panic attacks. Type IV is further divided into three subtypes. Type IV‐ 1 : depressive symptoms develop secondary to panic attacks and major depression later coexists with panic disorder. Type IV‐ 2 : panic disorder continuously changed into major depression. Type IV‐ 3 : panic attacks and depressive symptoms are seen independently. The most common types are type III and type IV‐1, and seem to be a core group of the panic disorder. Typical cases of each type are presented and underlying psychopathology is discussed.