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Loads on Muscles, Tendons and Bones in the Hind Extremities of Sheep – A Theoretical study *
Author(s) -
Hutzschenreuter P. O.,
Sekler E.,
Faust G.
Publication year - 1993
Publication title -
anatomia, histologia, embryologia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.34
H-Index - 35
eISSN - 1439-0264
pISSN - 0340-2096
DOI - 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1993.tb00343.x
Subject(s) - anatomy , ankle , tibia , biceps , ligament , biomechanics , bending moment , orthodontics , medicine , physics , thermodynamics
Summary Muscle forces and bending moments were calculated with a two‐dimensional non‐linear force and moment analysis (according to the Finite Element Method) during the foot‐lowering phase, stance phase and stem phase in the hind legs of sheep. During the foot‐lowering phase, the largest production of force is detectable in the m. biceps femoris and the highest bending moment in the proximal third of the metatarsal bone. The lowest influence of force resulted during the stance phase. During the stance phase, high forces are detectable only in the patellar ligament and middle‐high forces in the m. flexor digitalis profundus. In contrast, bending forces are almost equal in strength in the metatarsus and tibia. The strongest forces are detectable in the m. quadriceps femoris and extreme demands of the patellar ligament as well as of the flexors in the proximal ankle joint during the stem phase. Abstract In order to determine the internal loads to which the sheep's hind extremities are subjected during the foot lowering, stance, and stem phases, a two‐dimensional, non‐linear analysis of forces and moments was performed using the finite‐element method (FE). That muscles and tendons are capable of transmitting tensile forces only was taken into consideration in a non‐linear, three‐dimensional solution algorithm. The functional efficiency of this approach to a solution was illustrated, using a two‐dimensional example, without limiting its generality. The minimum solution obtained was discussed and verified on the basis of actual conditions in the metatarsus of the sheep. Three phases of internal loads in sheep's hind extremities were analysed: in the foot lowering phase the mainly axial forces occurred in the biceps femoris muscle (367 and 818 N, Fig. 7 a), the mainly axial forces in the distal femur (‐1926 N, Fig. 7 b) and the mainly bending moments in the metatarsus (22 N, Fig. 7 b). In the stance phase, a favorable distribution of force occurred (Figs. 8 a; 8 b). In the stem phase, a development of force in the quadriceps femoris (467 N, 937 N, 1236 N) and an extreme loading of patellar ligament (4046 N) nearly equal to the high axial forces of ‐4133 N in the proximal tibia were seen. For the initial position for a powerful propulsion of the sheep, the stem phase is a realistic suggestion.