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Crest evolution in newts: implications for reconstruction methods, sexual selection, phenotypic plasticity and the origin of novelties
Author(s) -
WIENS J. J.,
SPARREBOOM M.,
ARNTZEN J. W.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
journal of evolutionary biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.289
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1420-9101
pISSN - 1010-061X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02340.x
Subject(s) - biology , evolutionary biology , courtship , sexual selection , crest , trait , phylogenetics , neural crest , phenotypic plasticity , zoology , ecology , genetics , embryo , physics , quantum mechanics , computer science , gene , programming language
The dorsal crest of newts (Salamandridae) is a novel, phenotypically plastic, sexually selected trait that may evolve in association with complex courtship behaviours. We estimated a near‐comprehensive, time‐calibrated phylogeny for salamandrids and analysed the evolution of their crests and display behaviour. Different models give conflicting reconstructions for crest evolution, showing that likelihood can estimate incorrect ancestral states with strong statistical support. The best‐fitting model suggests that crests evolved once and were lost repeatedly, supporting the hypothesis that sexually selected traits may be frequently lost. We demonstrate the correlated evolution of crests and courtship behaviour and show that species with larger numbers of crest‐related traits have larger repertoires of behaviours. We also show that phenotypically plastic morphological traits can be maintained over long macroevolutionary timescales (∼25–48 Myr). Finally, we use salamandrids to address how novel structures may arise, and support a model involving the expansion and subdivision of pre‐existing structures.