The Price equation framework to study disease within‐host evolution

The evolution of infectious diseases is known to affect epidemiological dynamics, but, for some viruses and bacteria, this evolution also takes place inside a host during the course of an infection. I develop an original approach to study intrahost evolutionary dynamics of quantitative disease traits. This approach can be expressed mathematically using the ‘Price equation’ framework recently developed in evolutionary epidemiology. This framework combines population genetics and within‐host population dynamics models to identify trade‐offs that affect disease intrahost evolution and to predict short‐term evolutionary dynamics of life‐history traits. I show that this can be applied to study the evolution of viruses competing for host cells or to study the coevolution between parasites and the immune system of the host. This framework can also easily incorporate experimental data. Studying intrahost evolutionary dynamics provides insight at the within‐host level, because it allows us to better understand the course of chronic infections, and at the epidemiological level, because it helps to study multi‐scale evolutionary processes. This framework can be used to address important biological issues, from immune escape to disease evolutionary response to treatments.