Frankia alni proteome under nitrogen‐fixing and nitrogen‐replete conditions

Frankia alni induces root nodules on Alnus , in which the bacterium differentiates into nitrogen (N)‐fixing cells called vesicles. In culture, F. alni also undergoes major morphological changes as it alternates between N‐replete and N‐fixing conditions. Lack of biologically available N induces the synthesis of vesicles in which nitrogenase is protected from molecular oxygen by a thick lipid hopanoid envelope. Very little is known about the molecular basis of Frankia –host interaction as well as Frankia cell differentiation. The recent determination of the complete genome sequence of F. alni strain ACN14a has permitted us to characterize its proteome, particularly in the extracellular compartment, which could be involved in Frankia –host interaction, and in the switch from N‐replete to N‐fixing conditions. To that end, 126 bacterial proteins were analyzed by two‐dimensional protein gel electrophoresis and identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight fingerprinting using a F. alni proteome database. Interestingly, the extracellular fraction contains some glycolytic enzymes lacking secretion signals, already reported to be extracellularly localized in some streptococci, as well as some abundant stress‐resistance proteins. As expected, several proteins involved in N assimilation and oxidative defense system were upregulated in F. alni grown under N‐fixing vs N‐replete conditions. Furthermore, two Raf kinase inhibitor protein homologs that could play a role in cellular signaling, and a hemoglobin‐like protein HbN that could be involved in detoxification of nitric oxide were also upregulated. More surprising, a succinate dehydrogenase was strongly downregulated, which could be linked to the need of pyruvate for the biosynthesis of hopanoids or to reduced oxygen diffusion in vesicles.