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The presence of two types of β‐cyanoalanine synthase in germinating seeds and their responses to ethylene
Author(s) -
Hasegawa Ryo,
Maruyama Akiko,
Nakaya Minoru,
Tsuda Sachiko,
Esashi Yohji
Publication year - 1995
Publication title -
physiologia plantarum
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.351
H-Index - 146
eISSN - 1399-3054
pISSN - 0031-9317
DOI - 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb05121.x
Subject(s) - imbibition , xanthium , germination , biology , cucumis , ethylene , botany , cycloheximide , oryza sativa , hordeum vulgare , chloramphenicol , horticulture , biochemistry , poaceae , protein biosynthesis , antibiotics , gene , catalysis
Germinating seeds of many species contain two types of β‐cyanoalanine synthase (CAS, EC 4.4.1.9) that convert HCN to β‐cyanoalanine. One is cytoplasmic CAS (cyt‐CAS), which is precipitated by 50 to 60% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and has a pH optimum of 10.5. Cytoplasmic CAS is present at high levels in dry seed and its activity does not increase during imbibition. The activity of cyt‐CAS is not affected by exogenously applied ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), except in rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Sasanishiki). The second type of CAS found in seed is mitochondrial CAS (mit‐CAS), which is precipitated by 60 to 70% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and has a pH optimum of 9.5. Mitochondrial CAS is present at low levels in dry seed, and its activity increases greatly during imbibition in the seeds of all species tested. Exposure to C 2 H 4 stimulated mit‐CAS activity in seeds of rice, barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv. Hadakamugi). cucumber ( Cucumis sativus cv. Kagafushinari) and cocklebur ( Xanthium pennsylvanicum ). The increase in the mit‐CAS activity in cocklebur in response to C 2 H 4 commenced alter a lag period of 2 to 3 h when the duration of soaking was short (16 h), but commenced without a lag period when the seeds were soaked for three months. Application of both chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to the axial and cotyledonary tissues of cocklebur seeds strongly inhibited growth as well as the increase in mit‐CAS activity. It is postulated that the mit‐CAS is synthesized de novo during imbibition and that its activity is regulated by C 2 H 4 , CO 2 which also promotes seed germination in some species, was ineffective m stimulating mit‐CAS activity in cocklebur seeds.