Hypoallergenic fragment of Par j 2 increases functional expression of Toll‐like receptors in atopic children

Background:  Parietaria judaica (Par j) is one of the main causes of allergy in the Mediterranean countries. The activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits nasal inflammation of atopic children. Objective:  To examine, in vivo and in vitro , the effect of recombinant Par j 2 (rPar j 2) and of its fragments (1–55 and 52–102) on atopic children. Methods:  We used skin prick test for in vivo evaluations. We assessed, in vitro , in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the effect of rPar j 2 and of the two fragments on neutrophil chemotaxis, on CD45RO, on TLR2 and TLR4 expression, on LPS binding and on interferon (IFN)‐ γ release, by a microchemotaxis chamber, by flow cytometry and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results:  In vivo while rPar j 2 induced a positive skin reaction, 1–55 and 52–102 fragments did not. In vitro , while rPar j 2 increased both CD45RO expression and neutrophils chemotaxis in PBMC, both Par j 2 fragments did not. 1–55 fragment of Par j 2 upregulated both TLR2 and TLR4 expression and LPS binding, while the rPar j 2 and 52–102 fragment did not. Finally, 1–55 fragment of Par j 2 induced IFN γ release, while the rPar j 2 and 52–102 fragment did not. Conclusions:  Hypoallergenic 1–55 fragment, upregulating innate immunity receptors and increasing IFN γ , might re‐orientate, in atopics, the immune system toward a physiologic balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.