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Impaired sleep quality and sleep duration in smokers—results from the G erman M ulticenter S tudy on N icotine D ependence
Author(s) -
Cohrs Stefan,
Rodenbeck Andrea,
Riemann Dieter,
Szagun Bertram,
Jaehne Andreas,
Brinkmeyer Jürgen,
Gründer Gerhard,
Wienker Thomas,
DiazLacava Amalia,
Mobascher Arian,
Dahmen Norbert,
Thuerauf Norbert,
Kornhuber Johannes,
Kiefer Falk,
Gallinat Jürgen,
Wagner Michael,
Kunz Dieter,
Grittner Ulrike,
Winterer Georg
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
addiction biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.445
H-Index - 78
eISSN - 1369-1600
pISSN - 1355-6215
DOI - 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x
Subject(s) - confounding , nicotine , medicine , sleep (system call) , sleep disorder , sleep onset latency , population , anxiety , sleep quality , physiology , psychiatry , cognition , environmental health , computer science , operating system
Cigarette smoking is a severe health burden being related to a number of chronic diseases. Frequently, smokers report about sleep problems. Sleep disturbance, in turn, has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders related to smoking and may be relevant for the pathophysiology of nicotine dependence. Therefore, determining the frequency of sleep disturbance in otherwise healthy smokers and its association with degree of nicotine dependence is highly relevant. In a population‐based case‐control study, 1071 smokers and 1243 non‐smokers without lifetime D iagnostic and S tatistical M anual of M ental D isorders, F ourth E dition, A xis I disorder were investigated. Sleep quality ( SQ ) of participants was determined by the P ittsburgh S leep Q uality I ndex. As possible confounders, age, sex and level of education and income, as well as depressiveness, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, alcohol drinking behaviour and perceived stress, were included into multiple regression analyses. Significantly more smokers than non‐smokers (28.1% versus 19.1%; P < 0.0001) demonstrated a disturbed global SQ . After controlling for the confounders, impaired scores in the component scores of sleep latency, sleep duration and global SQ were found significantly more often in smokers than non‐smokers. Consistently, higher degrees of nicotine dependence and intensity of smoking were associated with shorter sleep duration. This study demonstrates for the first time an elevated prevalence of sleep disturbance in smokers compared with non‐smokers in a population without lifetime history of psychiatric disorders even after controlling for potentially relevant risk factors. It appears likely that smoking is a behaviourally modifiable risk factor for the occurrence of impaired SQ and short sleep duration.