Prevalence and clinical signs of avipoxvirus infection in falcons from the Middle East

The prevalence, cutaneous manifestations and concurrent clinical signs of avipoxvirus infection in 3706 falcons in two Middle Eastern countries are reported. Diagnosis was based on evidence of typical ‘dry’ skin lesions on featherless parts of the body and microscopic detection of Bollinger bodies in epithelial cells. Avipoxvirus was isolated from one representative case. Overall prevalence of cutaneous changes due to avipoxvirus infection did not differ significantly between Kuwait (2.7%) and Dubai (2.3%), although pox lesions were more prevalent on the feet of birds from Kuwait (67.4% vs. 50%) and more common on the eyelids of birds from Dubai (45.6% vs. 30.4%). Foot lesions were always present in birds with multiple infection sites. Some birds from Dubai had severe infection associated with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, central nervous system involvement and ultimately death.