Premium
Household burden of malaria in South Africa and Mozambique: is there a catastrophic impact?
Author(s) -
CastilloRiquelme Marianela,
McIntyre Diane,
Barnes Karen
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
tropical medicine and international health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.056
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1365-3156
pISSN - 1360-2276
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01979.x
Subject(s) - malaria , context (archaeology) , poverty , socioeconomics , public health , per capita , geography , public sector , environmental health , payment , developing country , health care , household income , population , medicine , economic growth , economics , nursing , archaeology , economy , finance , immunology
Summary Objectives To evaluate treatment‐seeking behaviour, financial impact and time lost due to malaria events, in southern Mozambique and eastern South Africa. Methods In‐depth household surveys (828 in Mozambique and 827 in South Africa) were analysed. An asset index was calculated using principal component analysis to allow comparison across socio‐economic groups. Direct costs of seeking care and the time lost due to malaria were determined. The extent of catastrophic payments was assessed using as thresholds the traditional 10% of household income and 40% of non‐food income, as recently recommended by WHO. Results Poverty was highly prevalent: 70% of the South African and 95% of Mozambican households studied lived on less than $1 per capita per day. Around 97% of those with recent malaria sought healthcare, mainly in public facilities. Out‐of‐pocket household expenditure per malaria episode averaged $2.30 in South Africa and $6.50 in Mozambique. Analysis at the individual household level found that 32–34% of households in Mozambique, compared with 9–13% of households in South Africa, incurred catastrophic payments for malaria episodes. Results based on mean values underestimated the prevalence of catastrophic payments. Days off work/school were higher in Mozambique. Conclusions The high rate of health seeking in public health facilities seems unusual in the African context, which bodes well for high coverage with artemisinin‐based combinations, even if only deployed within the public sector. However, despite no or modest charges for public sector primary healthcare, households frequently incur catastrophic expenditure on a single malaria episode.