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Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections
Author(s) -
KAMAL S. M.,
EL SAYED KHALIFA K.
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
parasite immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.795
H-Index - 75
eISSN - 1365-3024
pISSN - 0141-9838
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00909.x
Subject(s) - immunology , immune system , biology , helminths , population , virus , helminthiasis , virology , medicine , environmental health
SUMMARY Helminthic infections occur worldwide, especially in developing countries. About one‐quarter of the world's population, 1·5 billion, are infected with one or more of the major soil‐transmitted helminths, including hookworms, ascarids, and whipworms. Schistosomes infect more than 200 million people worldwide with 600 million at risk in 74 countries. The interaction between helminths and the host's immune system provokes particular immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms that ensure their survival in the host for years. However, these changes might impair the immunological response to bystander bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens and to vaccination. Modulation of the immune system by infection with helminthic parasites is proposed to reduce the levels of allergic responses and to protect against inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we summarize the immunological milieu associated with helminthic infections and its impact on viral infections, mainly hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in humans and experimental animals.