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The Pseudomonas siderophore quinolobactin is synthesized from xanthurenic acid, an intermediate of the kynurenine pathway
Author(s) -
Matthijs Sandra,
Baysse Christine,
Koedam Nico,
Tehrani Kourosh Abbaspour,
Verheyden Lieve,
Budzikiewicz Herbert,
Schäfer Mathias,
Hoorelbeke Bart,
Meyer JeanMarie,
De Greve Henri,
Cornelis Pierre
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
molecular microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.857
H-Index - 247
eISSN - 1365-2958
pISSN - 0950-382X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.03999.x
Subject(s) - siderophore , xanthurenic acid , biology , pyoverdine , biochemistry , biosynthesis , complementation , operon , kynurenine pathway , tryptophan , microbiology and biotechnology , kynurenine , gene , amino acid , escherichia coli , mutant
Summary To cope with iron deficiency fluorescent pseu‐domonads produce pyoverdines which are complex peptidic siderophores that very efficiently scavenge iron. In addition to pyoverdine some species also produce other siderophores. Recently, it was shown that Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 pro‐duces the siderophore quinolobactin, an 8‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐2‐quinoline carboxylic acid (Mossialos, D., Meyer, J.M., Budzikiewicz, H., Wolff, U., Koedam, N., Baysse, C., Anjaiah, V., and Cornelis, P. (2000) Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 487–492). The entire quinolobactin biosynthetic, transport and uptake gene cluster, consisting out of two operons comprising 12 open reading frames, was cloned and sequenced. Based on the genes present and physiological complementation assays a biosynthetic pathway for quinolobactin is proposed. Surprisingly, this pathway turned out to combine genes derived from the eukaryotic tryptophan‐xanthurenic acid branch of the kynurenine pathway and from the pathway for the biosynthesis of pyridine‐2,6‐bis(thiocarboxylic acid) from P. stutzeri , PDTC. These results clearly show the involvement of the tryptophan‐kynurenine‐xanthurenic acid pathway in the synthesis of an authentic quinoline siderophore.