Calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis – a clinical update

. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation is an essential component of the management of osteoporosis, supported by a strong scientific rationale. The types of individuals who should receive calcium and vitamin D supplements are those: (i) patients with documented osteoporosis receiving antiresorptive or anabolic treatment; (ii) patients receiving glucocorticoids; and (iii) individuals with or at high risk of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiencies, in particular older women and men. This article describes the evidence base that supports targeting these groups. Benefits are most apparent when 800 IU day −1 vitamin D is complemented with a dose of 1000–1200 mg day −1 elemental calcium. Compliance is also key to optimizing clinical efficacy.