How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data

Summary1 The Vera hypothesis that large herbivores maintained an open landscape in the primeval landscape of lowland Europe is tested using palaeoecological data. The hypothesis suggests that the high abundance of Quercus and Corylus apparent in European pollen diagrams could not have derived from a landscape dominated by closed canopy forests. If natural forest landscapes were indeed more open, current forest conservation management policy across Europe would need to be reconsidered. 2 Relative proportions of Quercus and Corylus pollen are compared from regions which supported large herbivores with data from Ireland, where large herbivores were excluded. Similarity between the two data sets indicates that large herbivores were not required to maintain these taxa in the primeval landscape. 3 Fine spatial resolution pollen data from small hollows in Europe and eastern USA were also reviewed. Data from moss polsters show that percentage arboreal pollen is a reliable indicator of canopy openness in theses sites. The palaeoecological data demonstrate that open canopy forest has only ever been maintained by human exploitation. 4 Large herbivores in Europe do not therefore appear to have maintained an open landscape in primeval times although evidence suggests that they would have influenced the species composition of the forest canopy. 5 It is proposed that data sources other than pollen should be explored as proxies for past forest structure to test this hypothesis more thoroughly.